Keywords
- Fluency,
- Disfluency,
- Dysfluency
How to Cite
Anjana B.Ram, & Savithri S.R. (1). Disfluencies in 5.1 to 6 Year Old Kannada Speaking Children. Journal of All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, 26(1), 3-8. Retrieved from http://203.129.241.91/jaiish/index.php/aiish/article/view/199
Abstract
Speech samples of 20 Kannada speaking children were analyzed to identify the disfluencies. Frequency and types of disfluencies and the effect of gender on disfluencies were analyzed Results showed that majority of the children had almost all the disfluency types. The most prominent disfluency type was sound repetitions. Also, boys, in general, showed greater percentage of disfluencies compared to girls.
References
Adams, M.R. (1977). A clinical strategy for differentiating the normally nonfluent child from the incipient stutterer. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 2,141-148.
Adams, M.R. (1982). Fluency, Nonfluency and Stuttering in children. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 7, 171-185.
Ambrose, N.G., & Yairi, E. (1999). Normative disfluency data for early childhood stuttering. Journal of Speech,Language and Hearing Research, 42, 895-909.
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Special Interest Division 4: Fluency and Fluency Disorders.(1999, March). Terminology pertaining to fluency and fluency disorders: Guidelines. Asha, 41 (Suppl. 19), 29-36.
Bloodstein, O. (1995). A handbook on stuttering (5th ed.). San Diego: Singular Publishing Group.
Branscom, M., Hughes, J., & Oxtoby, E. (1955). Studies of non-fluency in the speech of preschool children. In W.Johnson & R. Leutenegger (Eds.), Stuttering in children and adults (pp. 157-180). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Campbell, J., & Hill, D. (1987). Systematic disfluency analysis. Chicago: Northwestern University.
Carlo, E.J. & Watson, J.B. (2003). Disfluencies of 3- and 5- year old Spanish- speaking children. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 28, 37-53.
Conture, E. (1990). Stuttering (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Cooper, E., & Cooper, C. (1985). Cooper personalized fluency control therapy handbook (Rev.). Allen, TX: DLM Teaching resources.
Cooper, E., & Cooper, C. (1998). Multicultural considerations in the assessment and treatment of stuttering. In D.E. Battle (Ed.). Communication Disorders in multicultural populations (2nd. Ed. Pp. 247-274). Boston: Butterworth- Heinemann.
Curlee, R. (1980). A case selection strategy for young disfluent children. In W. Perkins (Ed.). Strategies in stuttering therapy. New York: Thieme- Stratton.
Curlee, R. (1993). Identification and management of beginning stuttering. In R. Curlee (Ed.), Stuttering and related disorders of fluency. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.
Davis, D. M. (1939). The relation of repetitions in the speech of young children to certain measures of language maturity and situational factors: Part I. Journal of Speech Disorders, 4, 303-318.
DeJoy, D. A. (1975). An investigation of the frequency of nine individual types of disfluency in relationship to age and syntactic maturity in nonstuttering males, three and one half years of age and five years of age.Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
DeJoy, D.A., & Gregory, H.H. (1985). The relationship between age and frequency of disfluency in preschool children. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 10, 107-22.
Egland, G. O. (1955). Repetitions and prolongations in the speech of stuttering and non stuttering children. In W. Johnson & R. Luetenegger (Eds.), Stuttering in children and adults (pp. 181-188). Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press
Geetha, Y.V., Karanth, P., Rao A., & Shetty K.R (2000). Classification of Childhood Disfluencies using Neural Networks. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 25(2), 99-117.
Gordon, P., & Luper, H. (1992). The early identification of beginning stuttering I: Protocols. American Journal of Speech Language Pathology, 1(3), 43-53.
Haynes, W.O., & Hood, S.B., (1977). Language and disfluency variables in normal speaking children from discrete chronological age groups. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 2, 57-74.
Indu, V. (1990). Some aspects of fluency in children (4-5 yrs). In M. Jayaram & S.R. Savithri (Eds.). Research at AIISH, Dissertation Abstracts: Volume II, pp. 171-173.
Johnson, W. (1959). The onset of stuttering: Research Findings and Implications. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Johnson, W., Boehmler, R., Dahlstrom, W., Darley, F., Goodstein, L., Kools, J., Neelley, J., Prather, W., ShermanD., Thurman, C., Trotter, W., Williams, D., & Young, M. (1959). The onset of stuttering: Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press.
Kools, J., and Berryman, J. (1971). Differences in disfluency behavior between male and female non stuttering children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 14, 125-130.
Muma, J. (1971). Syntax of preschool fluent and disfluent speech: A transformational analysis. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 14, 428-441.
Myers, F.L. (1988). Cluttering: A synergistic approach. Paper presented at he second International Oxford Dysfluency Conference, Oxford, England.
Nagapoornima, M. (1990). Disfluencies in children (3-4 years). In M. Jayaram & S.R. Savithri (Eds.). Research at AIISH, Dissertation Abstracts: Volume II, pp. 171-173.
Pindzola, R.H., & White, D.T. (1986). A protocol for differentiating the incipient stutterer. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 17, 2-15.
Rajendraswamy. (1991). Some aspects of fluency in children (6-7 years). In M. Jayaram & S.R. Savithri (Eds.). Research at AIISH, Dissertation Abstracts: Volume III, pp. 6-7.
Riley, G. (1994). Stuttering severity instrument for children and adults (3rd ed.). Tigard, OR: C. C. Publications.
Riley, G.D. (1981). Stuttering Prediction Instrument. Tigard, OR: CC. Publications.
Shames, G., & Sherrick, H. (1963). A discussion of nonfluency and stuttering as operant behavior. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 28, 3-18.
Shapiro, D. (1999). Stuttering intervention: A collaborative journey to fluency freedom. Austin, TX: Pro- Ed.
Starkweather, C.W. (1980). Speech fluency and its development in normal children. In Speech and Language:Advances in Basic Research and Practice, New York: Academic Press. Inc.
Van Borsel, J., Maes, E., E., & Foulon, S. (2001). Stuttering and bilingualism: A review. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 26, 179-205.
Van Riper, C. (1971). The Nature of Stuttering. N.J: Prentice- Hall.
Watson, J. B. (2001). Enhancing cross- cultural competence in the assessment and treatment of stuttering. In H.Bosshardt, J.S. Yaruss, & H. Peters (Eds.), Fluency disorders: Theory, research, treatment and self-help (pp. 625-629). Nijmegen: Nijmegen University Press.
Watson, J. B., & Keyser, H. (1994). Assessment of bilingual/ bicultural children and adults who stutter. Seminars in speech and Language, 15(2), 149-164.
Wexler, K.B. (1982). Developmental disfluency in 2-, 4- and 6-yr old boys in neutral and stress situations. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 25, 229-34.
Wexler, K.B., & Mysak, E.D., (1982). Disfluency characteristics of 2-, 4-, and 6- year-old males. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 7, 37-46.
Wingate, M.E. (1984). Definition is the problem, Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 49, 429- 431.
World Health Organization (1977). Manual of the international statistical classification of diseases, injuries and causes of death (Vol. 1). Geneva: author.
Yairi, E. (1981). Disfluencies of normally speaking two-year old children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 24, 490-495.
Yairi, E. (1982). Longitudinal studies of dysfluencies in two- year old children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 25, 155-160.
Yairi, E. (1997). Disfluency characteristics of early childhood stuttering. In R. Curlee & G. Siegel (Eds.). Nature and treatment of stuttering: New directions, pp.181-188. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Yairi, E., & Ambrose, N. (1992). A Longitudinal Study of Stuttering in Children: A Preliminary Report. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 35, 755-760.
Yairi, E., & Cliffton, N. F. (1972). Disfluent speech behavior of preschool children, high school seniors and geriatric persons. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 15, 714-719.
Yairi, E., & Jennings, S. (1974). Relationship between the disfluent speech behavior of normal speaking boys and their parents. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 17, 94-98.
Yairi, E., & Lewis, B., (1984). Disfluencies at the onset of stuttering. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 27, 155-59.
Yamini, B.K. (1990). Disfluencies in children (5-6 years). In M. Jayaram & S.R. Savithri (Eds.). Research at AIISH, Dissertation Abstracts: Volume II, pp. 171-173.
Young, M. (1984). Identification of stutterers and stuttering. In R.F. Curlee & W. Perkins (Eds.), Nature and treatment of stuttering San Diego: College-Hill.
Zebrowski, P.M. (1995). The topography of beginning stuttering. Journal of Communication Disorders, 28, 75-91.
Adams, M.R. (1982). Fluency, Nonfluency and Stuttering in children. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 7, 171-185.
Ambrose, N.G., & Yairi, E. (1999). Normative disfluency data for early childhood stuttering. Journal of Speech,Language and Hearing Research, 42, 895-909.
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association Special Interest Division 4: Fluency and Fluency Disorders.(1999, March). Terminology pertaining to fluency and fluency disorders: Guidelines. Asha, 41 (Suppl. 19), 29-36.
Bloodstein, O. (1995). A handbook on stuttering (5th ed.). San Diego: Singular Publishing Group.
Branscom, M., Hughes, J., & Oxtoby, E. (1955). Studies of non-fluency in the speech of preschool children. In W.Johnson & R. Leutenegger (Eds.), Stuttering in children and adults (pp. 157-180). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Campbell, J., & Hill, D. (1987). Systematic disfluency analysis. Chicago: Northwestern University.
Carlo, E.J. & Watson, J.B. (2003). Disfluencies of 3- and 5- year old Spanish- speaking children. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 28, 37-53.
Conture, E. (1990). Stuttering (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Cooper, E., & Cooper, C. (1985). Cooper personalized fluency control therapy handbook (Rev.). Allen, TX: DLM Teaching resources.
Cooper, E., & Cooper, C. (1998). Multicultural considerations in the assessment and treatment of stuttering. In D.E. Battle (Ed.). Communication Disorders in multicultural populations (2nd. Ed. Pp. 247-274). Boston: Butterworth- Heinemann.
Curlee, R. (1980). A case selection strategy for young disfluent children. In W. Perkins (Ed.). Strategies in stuttering therapy. New York: Thieme- Stratton.
Curlee, R. (1993). Identification and management of beginning stuttering. In R. Curlee (Ed.), Stuttering and related disorders of fluency. New York: Thieme Medical Publishers.
Davis, D. M. (1939). The relation of repetitions in the speech of young children to certain measures of language maturity and situational factors: Part I. Journal of Speech Disorders, 4, 303-318.
DeJoy, D. A. (1975). An investigation of the frequency of nine individual types of disfluency in relationship to age and syntactic maturity in nonstuttering males, three and one half years of age and five years of age.Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL.
DeJoy, D.A., & Gregory, H.H. (1985). The relationship between age and frequency of disfluency in preschool children. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 10, 107-22.
Egland, G. O. (1955). Repetitions and prolongations in the speech of stuttering and non stuttering children. In W. Johnson & R. Luetenegger (Eds.), Stuttering in children and adults (pp. 181-188). Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press
Geetha, Y.V., Karanth, P., Rao A., & Shetty K.R (2000). Classification of Childhood Disfluencies using Neural Networks. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 25(2), 99-117.
Gordon, P., & Luper, H. (1992). The early identification of beginning stuttering I: Protocols. American Journal of Speech Language Pathology, 1(3), 43-53.
Haynes, W.O., & Hood, S.B., (1977). Language and disfluency variables in normal speaking children from discrete chronological age groups. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 2, 57-74.
Indu, V. (1990). Some aspects of fluency in children (4-5 yrs). In M. Jayaram & S.R. Savithri (Eds.). Research at AIISH, Dissertation Abstracts: Volume II, pp. 171-173.
Johnson, W. (1959). The onset of stuttering: Research Findings and Implications. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Johnson, W., Boehmler, R., Dahlstrom, W., Darley, F., Goodstein, L., Kools, J., Neelley, J., Prather, W., ShermanD., Thurman, C., Trotter, W., Williams, D., & Young, M. (1959). The onset of stuttering: Minneapolis:University of Minnesota Press.
Kools, J., and Berryman, J. (1971). Differences in disfluency behavior between male and female non stuttering children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 14, 125-130.
Muma, J. (1971). Syntax of preschool fluent and disfluent speech: A transformational analysis. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 14, 428-441.
Myers, F.L. (1988). Cluttering: A synergistic approach. Paper presented at he second International Oxford Dysfluency Conference, Oxford, England.
Nagapoornima, M. (1990). Disfluencies in children (3-4 years). In M. Jayaram & S.R. Savithri (Eds.). Research at AIISH, Dissertation Abstracts: Volume II, pp. 171-173.
Pindzola, R.H., & White, D.T. (1986). A protocol for differentiating the incipient stutterer. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 17, 2-15.
Rajendraswamy. (1991). Some aspects of fluency in children (6-7 years). In M. Jayaram & S.R. Savithri (Eds.). Research at AIISH, Dissertation Abstracts: Volume III, pp. 6-7.
Riley, G. (1994). Stuttering severity instrument for children and adults (3rd ed.). Tigard, OR: C. C. Publications.
Riley, G.D. (1981). Stuttering Prediction Instrument. Tigard, OR: CC. Publications.
Shames, G., & Sherrick, H. (1963). A discussion of nonfluency and stuttering as operant behavior. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 28, 3-18.
Shapiro, D. (1999). Stuttering intervention: A collaborative journey to fluency freedom. Austin, TX: Pro- Ed.
Starkweather, C.W. (1980). Speech fluency and its development in normal children. In Speech and Language:Advances in Basic Research and Practice, New York: Academic Press. Inc.
Van Borsel, J., Maes, E., E., & Foulon, S. (2001). Stuttering and bilingualism: A review. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 26, 179-205.
Van Riper, C. (1971). The Nature of Stuttering. N.J: Prentice- Hall.
Watson, J. B. (2001). Enhancing cross- cultural competence in the assessment and treatment of stuttering. In H.Bosshardt, J.S. Yaruss, & H. Peters (Eds.), Fluency disorders: Theory, research, treatment and self-help (pp. 625-629). Nijmegen: Nijmegen University Press.
Watson, J. B., & Keyser, H. (1994). Assessment of bilingual/ bicultural children and adults who stutter. Seminars in speech and Language, 15(2), 149-164.
Wexler, K.B. (1982). Developmental disfluency in 2-, 4- and 6-yr old boys in neutral and stress situations. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 25, 229-34.
Wexler, K.B., & Mysak, E.D., (1982). Disfluency characteristics of 2-, 4-, and 6- year-old males. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 7, 37-46.
Wingate, M.E. (1984). Definition is the problem, Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 49, 429- 431.
World Health Organization (1977). Manual of the international statistical classification of diseases, injuries and causes of death (Vol. 1). Geneva: author.
Yairi, E. (1981). Disfluencies of normally speaking two-year old children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 24, 490-495.
Yairi, E. (1982). Longitudinal studies of dysfluencies in two- year old children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 25, 155-160.
Yairi, E. (1997). Disfluency characteristics of early childhood stuttering. In R. Curlee & G. Siegel (Eds.). Nature and treatment of stuttering: New directions, pp.181-188. Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Yairi, E., & Ambrose, N. (1992). A Longitudinal Study of Stuttering in Children: A Preliminary Report. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 35, 755-760.
Yairi, E., & Cliffton, N. F. (1972). Disfluent speech behavior of preschool children, high school seniors and geriatric persons. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 15, 714-719.
Yairi, E., & Jennings, S. (1974). Relationship between the disfluent speech behavior of normal speaking boys and their parents. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 17, 94-98.
Yairi, E., & Lewis, B., (1984). Disfluencies at the onset of stuttering. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 27, 155-59.
Yamini, B.K. (1990). Disfluencies in children (5-6 years). In M. Jayaram & S.R. Savithri (Eds.). Research at AIISH, Dissertation Abstracts: Volume II, pp. 171-173.
Young, M. (1984). Identification of stutterers and stuttering. In R.F. Curlee & W. Perkins (Eds.), Nature and treatment of stuttering San Diego: College-Hill.
Zebrowski, P.M. (1995). The topography of beginning stuttering. Journal of Communication Disorders, 28, 75-91.