How to Cite
Tithi Jain, PS, S., & N, S. (1). An investigation into the relationship between anxiety and stuttering. Journal of All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, 33(1), 63-71. Retrieved from http://203.129.241.91/jaiish/index.php/aiish/article/view/797
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the anxiety levels in persons with stuttering. Clinical group consisted of 20 persons with stuttering (PWS) in the age group of 15 to 30 years which was further divided into two groups, based on attainment of intervention program. These two groups were further subcategorized into three groups (mild, moderate and
severe) based on their severity of stuttering. The control group comprised of age matched 24 adult males (persons with no stuttering, PWNS). A `Self Analysis Form', a subjective scale for anxiety measurement was administered on both the groups. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis and the results revealed that there was no variation in
degree of anxiety across stuttering severity as well as with attainment of intervention. It can be concluded that anxiety does not lead to stuttering since higher levels of anxiety was present in both the groups.
References
Alm, P. A., & Risberg, J. (2007).Neurological incidents as
background factors in developmental stuttering. Lund
University, Sweden, and the Stuttering Information Cen-
ter of Denmark.
Andrews, G. & Craig, A. R. (1988).Prediction of outcome
after treatment for stuttering. British Journal of Psy-
chiatry, 153, 236-240.
Beitchman, J. H., Wilson, B., Johnson, C. J., Atkinson,
L., Young, A., & Adlaf, E., et al. (2001). Fourteen
year follow-up of speech/language impaired children and
control children: psychiatric outcome. Journal of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
40(1), 75-82.
Blomgren, M., Roy, N., Callister, Y., & Merrill, R. M.
(2005). Response to intensive stuttering modi ca-
tion therapy: a multidimensional assessment of treat-
ment outcomes. Journal Speech Language Hearing Re-
search,49 (6),1420-1422.
Bloodstein, O. (1995). A Handbook on Stuttering (5th edn).
San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group.
Blood, G. W., & Blood, I. M.(2007). Self-reported experi-
ence of bullying of students who stutter: relations with
life satisfaction, life orientation, and self-esteem. Per-
ceptual and Motor Skills, 113, 53-364.
Blood, G. W., Blood, I. M., Maloney, K., Meyer, C., &
Qualls, C. D. (2007). Anxiety levels in adolescents who
stutter. Journal of Communication Disorders,40 (6),
452-69.
Blumgart, E., Tran, Y., & Craig, A. (2010). Social anxiety
disorder in adults who stutter. Depression and Anxiety,
27, 687-692.
Craig, A., Blumgart, E., & Tran, Y. (2009). The impact of
stuttering on the quality of life in adult people who stut-
ter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 34(2), 61-71.
Craig, A., & Tran, Y. (2006). Fear of speaking: chronic
anxiety and stammering. Advances in Psychiatric Treat-
ment,12, 63-68.
Craig, A., Hancock, K., Tran, Y., & Craig, M. (2003). Anxi-
ety Levels in People Who Stutter: A Randomized Popu-
lation Study. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing
Research, 46(5), 1197-1206.
Craig, A., Tran, Y., & Craig, M. (2003). Stereotypes to-
wards stuttering for those who have never had direct
contact with people who stutter: A randomized and
strati ed study. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 97(1),
235-245.
Craig, A., Hancock, K., Tran, Y., Craig, M., & Peters, K.
(2002). Epidemiology of stuttering in the community
across the entire life span. Journal of Speech, Language,
and Hearing Research, 45(6), 1097-1105.
Craig, A., Hancock, K., Chang, E., McCready, C., Shepley,
A., McCaul, A., & Reilly, K. (1996). A controlled clinical
trial for stuttering in persons aged 9 to 14 years. Jour-
nal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 39(4),
808-826.
Craig, A. R. (1990). An investigation into the relationship
between anxiety and stuttering. Journal of Speech and
Hearing Disorders, 55, 290-294.
Cream, A., Onslow, M., Packman, A., & Llewellyn, G.
(2003). Protection from harm: the experience of
adults after therapy with prolonged-speech. Interna-
tional Journal of Language & Communication Disor-
ders,38 (4),379-395.
Davis, S., Howell, P., & Cooke, F. (2002). Sociodynamic re-
lationships between children who stutter and their non-
stuttering classmates. Journal of Child Psychology and
Psychiatry, 43(7), 939- 947.
Davis, S., Shisca, D., & Howell, P. (2007). Anxiety in speak-
ers who persist and recover from stuttering.Journal of
Communication Disorders, 40, 398-417.
Dietrich, S., & Roaman, M. H. (2001). Physiologic arousal
and predictions of anxiety by people who stutter. Jour-
nal of Fluency Disorders, 26, 207- 225.
Endler, N.S., Edwards, J., & Vitelli, R. (1991).Test Man-
ual for the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales
(EMAS). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Ser-
vices.
Endler, N. S., Parker, R., James, D., Michael, B. R., &
Brian, C. J. (1991). Multidimensional of state and anx-
iety: Factor structure of the Endler Multidimensional
Anxiety Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psy-
chology, 60(6), 919-926.
Ezrati-Vinacour, R., & Levin, I. (2004). The relation-
ship between anxiety and stuttering: a multidimen-
sional approach. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 29, 135-
148.
Ezrati-Vinacour, R., Platzky, R., & Yairi, E. (2001). The
young child's awareness of stuttering-like dis
uency.
Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research,
44(2), 368-380.
Gabel, R. G., Colcord, R. G. & Petrosino, L. (2002). Self-
reported anxiety of adults who do and do not stutter.
Perceptual and Motor Skills, 94, 775-784.
Guitar, B. (2006). Stuttering: An integrated approach to its
nature and treatment. Baltimore Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins.
Hancock, K., Craig, A., Campbell, K. A., et al. (1998). Two
to six year controlled trial stuttering outcomes for chil-
dren and adolescents. Journal of Speech, Language and
Hearing Research, 41, 1242-1252.
Huber, A., Packman, A., Quine, S., Onslow, M., & Simp-
son, J. (2004). Improving our clinical Interventions for
stuttering: Can evidence from qualitative research con-
tribute?. Advances in Speech Language Pathology, 6,
174-181.
Ingham, R. J. (1984).Stuttering and behavior therapy: Cur-
rent status and empirical foundations. SanDiego, CA:
College Hill Press.
Iverach, L., Jones, M., O'Brian, S., Block, S., Lincoln,
M., Harrison, E., et al. (2009). The relationship be-
tween mental health disorders and treatment outcomes
among adults who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disor-
ders, 34(1), 29-43.
Iverach, L., Menzies, R. G., O'Brian, S., Packman, A., &
Onslow, M. (2011). Anxiety and stuttering: Continuing
to explore a complex relationship.American Journal of
Speech-Language Pathology ,20(3), 221-232.
Kraaimaat, F., Vanryckeghem, M., & Van Dam-Baggen, R.
(2002).Stuttering and social anxiety. Journal of Fluency
Disorders, 27, 319-331.
Krug, S. E., Scheier, I. H.,& Cattell, R. B. (1976). Hand-
book for the IP AT Anxiety Scale. Illinois:Institute for
Personality and Ability Testing, Inc.,U.S.
Langevin, M., Packman, A., & Onslow, M. (2009). Peer
responses to stuttering in the preschool setting. Ameri-
can Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 18(3), 264-
276.
Mahr, G. C., & Torosian, T. (1999). Anxiety and social pho-
bia. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 24, 119-126.
Malik,J., & Geetha, Y. V. (2010). Attitudes, anxiety and
coping strategies in persons with stuttering. Student
Research At AIISH Mysore. Articles based on disser-
tation done at AIISH, Volume Vlll, 2009-2010, Part-B,
81-89.
Menzies, R., O'Brian, S., Onslow, M., Packman, A., St
Clare, T., & Block, S. (2008). An experimental clinical
trial of a cognitive behavior therapy package for chronic
stuttering.Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Re-
search, 51, 1451-1464.
Menzies, R. G., Onslow, M., & Packman, A. (1999). Anx-
iety and stuttering: exploring a complex relationship.
American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 8, 3-
Messenger, M., Onslow, M., Packman, A., & Menzies, R. G.
(2004). Social anxiety in stuttering: measuring negative
social expectancies. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 29,
201-212.
Mulcahy, K., Hennessey, N. W., Beilby, J., & Byrnes, M.
(2008).Social anxiety and the severity and typography
of stuttering in adolescents. Journal of Fluency Disor-
ders, 33, 306-319.
O'Brien, S. D., Onslow, O, H., Packman, A., & Menzies,
R. G. (2010).A new method to sample stuttering in
preschool children. International Journal of Speech-
Language Pathology, 12(3), 173-177.
Packman, A., Onslow, O., & Menzies, R. (2000). Novel
speech patterns and the treatment of stuttering. Dis-
ability & Rehabilitation, 22, 65-79.
Plexico, L. W., Manning, W. H., & Levitt, H.(2009). Cop-
ing responses by adults who stutter: part I.Protecting
the self and others. Journal of Fluency Disorders,
34(2),87-107.
Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (2000). Revised
Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS)RCMAS
Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Ser-
vices.
Riley, G. D. (1994). Stuttering Severity Instrument for Chil-
dren and Adults-IIIedition. AustinTX: Pro-ed.
Salami.T, K., & Walker, R. L. (2014). Socioeconomic Sta-
tus and Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety in African
American College Students: The Mediating Role of
Hopelessness. Journal of Black Psychology, 40(3), 275-
290.
Schneier, F. R., Wexler, K. B.,& Liebowitz, M. R. (1997).
Social phobia and stuttering. The American Journal of
Psychiatry, 154(1), 131.
Spielberger, C. D. (2005). The Spielberger State-Trait Anxi-
ety Inventory (STAI): the state scale in detecting mental
disorders in geriatric patients. International Journal of
Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(7), 629-634.
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, P. R., Vagg,
P. R., & Jacobs, A. G.(1983). Manual for the State-
Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y).Consulting Psycholo-
gists Press, Inc.: Palo Alto.
Stein, M. B., Baird, A., & Walker, J. R. (1996). Social pho-
bia in adults with stuttering. The American Journal
of Psychiatry, 153(2), 278-280.
Tumbaugh, K. R., Guitar, B. E., & Ho man, P. R. (1979).
Speech clinicians' attribution of personality traits as a
function of stuttering severity. Journal of Speech and
Hearing Research, 22, 37-45.
Venkatesan, S. (2009).Readapted from 1997 Version. NIMH
Socio Economic Status Scale. Secunderabad: National
Institute for the Mentally Handicapped.
Watson, B. C., & Miller, S. (1992). The relation between
communication attitude, anxiety, and depression in stut-
terers and non-stutterers. Journal of Speech and Hear-
ing Research, 35, 789-798.
Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-
evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 33(4), 448-457.
Weber, C. M., & Smith, A. (1990). Autonomic correlates of
stuttering and speech assessed in a range of experimen-
tal tasks. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 33,
690-706.
Zimmerman, M., & Mattia, J. I. (2001). The psychiatric
diagnostic screening questionnaire: development, relia-
bility and validity. Comprehensive psychiatry, 42(3),
175-189
background factors in developmental stuttering. Lund
University, Sweden, and the Stuttering Information Cen-
ter of Denmark.
Andrews, G. & Craig, A. R. (1988).Prediction of outcome
after treatment for stuttering. British Journal of Psy-
chiatry, 153, 236-240.
Beitchman, J. H., Wilson, B., Johnson, C. J., Atkinson,
L., Young, A., & Adlaf, E., et al. (2001). Fourteen
year follow-up of speech/language impaired children and
control children: psychiatric outcome. Journal of the
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry,
40(1), 75-82.
Blomgren, M., Roy, N., Callister, Y., & Merrill, R. M.
(2005). Response to intensive stuttering modi ca-
tion therapy: a multidimensional assessment of treat-
ment outcomes. Journal Speech Language Hearing Re-
search,49 (6),1420-1422.
Bloodstein, O. (1995). A Handbook on Stuttering (5th edn).
San Diego, CA: Singular Publishing Group.
Blood, G. W., & Blood, I. M.(2007). Self-reported experi-
ence of bullying of students who stutter: relations with
life satisfaction, life orientation, and self-esteem. Per-
ceptual and Motor Skills, 113, 53-364.
Blood, G. W., Blood, I. M., Maloney, K., Meyer, C., &
Qualls, C. D. (2007). Anxiety levels in adolescents who
stutter. Journal of Communication Disorders,40 (6),
452-69.
Blumgart, E., Tran, Y., & Craig, A. (2010). Social anxiety
disorder in adults who stutter. Depression and Anxiety,
27, 687-692.
Craig, A., Blumgart, E., & Tran, Y. (2009). The impact of
stuttering on the quality of life in adult people who stut-
ter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 34(2), 61-71.
Craig, A., & Tran, Y. (2006). Fear of speaking: chronic
anxiety and stammering. Advances in Psychiatric Treat-
ment,12, 63-68.
Craig, A., Hancock, K., Tran, Y., & Craig, M. (2003). Anxi-
ety Levels in People Who Stutter: A Randomized Popu-
lation Study. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing
Research, 46(5), 1197-1206.
Craig, A., Tran, Y., & Craig, M. (2003). Stereotypes to-
wards stuttering for those who have never had direct
contact with people who stutter: A randomized and
strati ed study. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 97(1),
235-245.
Craig, A., Hancock, K., Tran, Y., Craig, M., & Peters, K.
(2002). Epidemiology of stuttering in the community
across the entire life span. Journal of Speech, Language,
and Hearing Research, 45(6), 1097-1105.
Craig, A., Hancock, K., Chang, E., McCready, C., Shepley,
A., McCaul, A., & Reilly, K. (1996). A controlled clinical
trial for stuttering in persons aged 9 to 14 years. Jour-
nal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 39(4),
808-826.
Craig, A. R. (1990). An investigation into the relationship
between anxiety and stuttering. Journal of Speech and
Hearing Disorders, 55, 290-294.
Cream, A., Onslow, M., Packman, A., & Llewellyn, G.
(2003). Protection from harm: the experience of
adults after therapy with prolonged-speech. Interna-
tional Journal of Language & Communication Disor-
ders,38 (4),379-395.
Davis, S., Howell, P., & Cooke, F. (2002). Sociodynamic re-
lationships between children who stutter and their non-
stuttering classmates. Journal of Child Psychology and
Psychiatry, 43(7), 939- 947.
Davis, S., Shisca, D., & Howell, P. (2007). Anxiety in speak-
ers who persist and recover from stuttering.Journal of
Communication Disorders, 40, 398-417.
Dietrich, S., & Roaman, M. H. (2001). Physiologic arousal
and predictions of anxiety by people who stutter. Jour-
nal of Fluency Disorders, 26, 207- 225.
Endler, N.S., Edwards, J., & Vitelli, R. (1991).Test Man-
ual for the Endler Multidimensional Anxiety Scales
(EMAS). Los Angeles: Western Psychological Ser-
vices.
Endler, N. S., Parker, R., James, D., Michael, B. R., &
Brian, C. J. (1991). Multidimensional of state and anx-
iety: Factor structure of the Endler Multidimensional
Anxiety Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psy-
chology, 60(6), 919-926.
Ezrati-Vinacour, R., & Levin, I. (2004). The relation-
ship between anxiety and stuttering: a multidimen-
sional approach. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 29, 135-
148.
Ezrati-Vinacour, R., Platzky, R., & Yairi, E. (2001). The
young child's awareness of stuttering-like dis
uency.
Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research,
44(2), 368-380.
Gabel, R. G., Colcord, R. G. & Petrosino, L. (2002). Self-
reported anxiety of adults who do and do not stutter.
Perceptual and Motor Skills, 94, 775-784.
Guitar, B. (2006). Stuttering: An integrated approach to its
nature and treatment. Baltimore Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins.
Hancock, K., Craig, A., Campbell, K. A., et al. (1998). Two
to six year controlled trial stuttering outcomes for chil-
dren and adolescents. Journal of Speech, Language and
Hearing Research, 41, 1242-1252.
Huber, A., Packman, A., Quine, S., Onslow, M., & Simp-
son, J. (2004). Improving our clinical Interventions for
stuttering: Can evidence from qualitative research con-
tribute?. Advances in Speech Language Pathology, 6,
174-181.
Ingham, R. J. (1984).Stuttering and behavior therapy: Cur-
rent status and empirical foundations. SanDiego, CA:
College Hill Press.
Iverach, L., Jones, M., O'Brian, S., Block, S., Lincoln,
M., Harrison, E., et al. (2009). The relationship be-
tween mental health disorders and treatment outcomes
among adults who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disor-
ders, 34(1), 29-43.
Iverach, L., Menzies, R. G., O'Brian, S., Packman, A., &
Onslow, M. (2011). Anxiety and stuttering: Continuing
to explore a complex relationship.American Journal of
Speech-Language Pathology ,20(3), 221-232.
Kraaimaat, F., Vanryckeghem, M., & Van Dam-Baggen, R.
(2002).Stuttering and social anxiety. Journal of Fluency
Disorders, 27, 319-331.
Krug, S. E., Scheier, I. H.,& Cattell, R. B. (1976). Hand-
book for the IP AT Anxiety Scale. Illinois:Institute for
Personality and Ability Testing, Inc.,U.S.
Langevin, M., Packman, A., & Onslow, M. (2009). Peer
responses to stuttering in the preschool setting. Ameri-
can Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 18(3), 264-
276.
Mahr, G. C., & Torosian, T. (1999). Anxiety and social pho-
bia. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 24, 119-126.
Malik,J., & Geetha, Y. V. (2010). Attitudes, anxiety and
coping strategies in persons with stuttering. Student
Research At AIISH Mysore. Articles based on disser-
tation done at AIISH, Volume Vlll, 2009-2010, Part-B,
81-89.
Menzies, R., O'Brian, S., Onslow, M., Packman, A., St
Clare, T., & Block, S. (2008). An experimental clinical
trial of a cognitive behavior therapy package for chronic
stuttering.Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Re-
search, 51, 1451-1464.
Menzies, R. G., Onslow, M., & Packman, A. (1999). Anx-
iety and stuttering: exploring a complex relationship.
American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 8, 3-
Messenger, M., Onslow, M., Packman, A., & Menzies, R. G.
(2004). Social anxiety in stuttering: measuring negative
social expectancies. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 29,
201-212.
Mulcahy, K., Hennessey, N. W., Beilby, J., & Byrnes, M.
(2008).Social anxiety and the severity and typography
of stuttering in adolescents. Journal of Fluency Disor-
ders, 33, 306-319.
O'Brien, S. D., Onslow, O, H., Packman, A., & Menzies,
R. G. (2010).A new method to sample stuttering in
preschool children. International Journal of Speech-
Language Pathology, 12(3), 173-177.
Packman, A., Onslow, O., & Menzies, R. (2000). Novel
speech patterns and the treatment of stuttering. Dis-
ability & Rehabilitation, 22, 65-79.
Plexico, L. W., Manning, W. H., & Levitt, H.(2009). Cop-
ing responses by adults who stutter: part I.Protecting
the self and others. Journal of Fluency Disorders,
34(2),87-107.
Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (2000). Revised
Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS)RCMAS
Manual. Los Angeles: Western Psychological Ser-
vices.
Riley, G. D. (1994). Stuttering Severity Instrument for Chil-
dren and Adults-IIIedition. AustinTX: Pro-ed.
Salami.T, K., & Walker, R. L. (2014). Socioeconomic Sta-
tus and Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety in African
American College Students: The Mediating Role of
Hopelessness. Journal of Black Psychology, 40(3), 275-
290.
Schneier, F. R., Wexler, K. B.,& Liebowitz, M. R. (1997).
Social phobia and stuttering. The American Journal of
Psychiatry, 154(1), 131.
Spielberger, C. D. (2005). The Spielberger State-Trait Anxi-
ety Inventory (STAI): the state scale in detecting mental
disorders in geriatric patients. International Journal of
Geriatric Psychiatry, 20(7), 629-634.
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., Lushene, P. R., Vagg,
P. R., & Jacobs, A. G.(1983). Manual for the State-
Trait Anxiety Inventory (Form Y).Consulting Psycholo-
gists Press, Inc.: Palo Alto.
Stein, M. B., Baird, A., & Walker, J. R. (1996). Social pho-
bia in adults with stuttering. The American Journal
of Psychiatry, 153(2), 278-280.
Tumbaugh, K. R., Guitar, B. E., & Ho man, P. R. (1979).
Speech clinicians' attribution of personality traits as a
function of stuttering severity. Journal of Speech and
Hearing Research, 22, 37-45.
Venkatesan, S. (2009).Readapted from 1997 Version. NIMH
Socio Economic Status Scale. Secunderabad: National
Institute for the Mentally Handicapped.
Watson, B. C., & Miller, S. (1992). The relation between
communication attitude, anxiety, and depression in stut-
terers and non-stutterers. Journal of Speech and Hear-
ing Research, 35, 789-798.
Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-
evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical
Psychology, 33(4), 448-457.
Weber, C. M., & Smith, A. (1990). Autonomic correlates of
stuttering and speech assessed in a range of experimen-
tal tasks. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 33,
690-706.
Zimmerman, M., & Mattia, J. I. (2001). The psychiatric
diagnostic screening questionnaire: development, relia-
bility and validity. Comprehensive psychiatry, 42(3),
175-189