Vol 28 No 1 (2009): .
Language
Keywords
- Lexical Processing,
- Bilingual Children,
- Phonological Priming,
- Masked
How to Cite
Gopi Shankar R, Jasmine Malik, & Jayashree C Shanbal. (1). Lexical Processing in Bilingual Children: Evidence from Masked Phonological Priming. Journal of All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, 28(1), 89-95. Retrieved from http://203.129.241.91/jaiish/index.php/aiish/article/view/383
Abstract
Earlier, the general idea was that bilinguals had two mental lexicons: one for the first language and one for the second. In addition, a language switch mechanism controlled which lexicon was active. In recent years, however, evidence has accumulated showing that the initial stages of visual word recognition are largely language independent and that the assumption of independent lexicons may not be true. The aim of the present study is to explore visual word recognition in bilinguals through a masked phonological priming experiment. The participants consisted of 30 Kannada-English bilingual children in the age range of 10-12 years. The test material consisted of a total of 40 words in Kannada and 40 words in English. These were studied in 4 different priming conditions which included 10 semantically related prime (SR), 10 semantically unrelated prime (SUW), 10 non-words (NW) and 10 orthographically related nonword prime (OR). The findings of the study are further discussed with evidence from language-selective access models of bilingual word processing and phonological models of lexical processing.
References
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Berent, I., & Perfetti, C. (1995). A rose is a reez: The two-cycles model of phonology assembly in reading English. Psychological Review, 102, 146–184.
Carello, C., Turvey, M. T., & Lukatela, G. (1992). Can theories of word recognition remain stubbornly nonphonological? Cited in Grainger, J., & Ferrand, L. (1996). Masked orthographic and phonological priming in visual word recognition and naming: Cross-task comparisons. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 623-647.
Ferrand, L., & Grainger, J. (1994). Effects of orthography are independent of phonology in masked form priming. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47A, 365–382.
Forster, K. I. (1976). Accessing the mental lexicon. Cited in Grainger, J., & Ferrand, L. (1996). Masked orthographic and phonological priming in visual word recognition and naming: Cross-task comparisons. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 623-647.
Forster, K.I., & Forster, I. (1999). University of Arizona. Retrieved from http://www.u.arizona.edu/~kforster/dmdx/dmdx.htm on 21.7.2008.
Grainger, J., & Dijkstra, A. (1992). On the representation and use of language information in bilinguals. In R. Harris (Ed.), Cognitive processing in bilinguals(pp.207-220). Amsterdam: Elsevier. Cited in Eileen Locke, B.A.(2008) The Effects of Exposure Type on Lexical Processing in Lowlevel Bilinguals. Mater thesis submitted to Texas Tech University.
Grainger, J., & Ferrand, L. (1996). Masked orthographic and phonological priming in visual word recognition and naming: Cross-task comparisons. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 623-647.
Humphreys, G. W., & Evett, L. J. (1985). Are there independent lexical and nonlexical routes in word processing? An evaluation of the dual route theory of reading. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 8, 689–740.
Kroll, J. F., & Stewart, E. (1994). Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 33, 149-174.
Kroll, J. F., & Sunderman, G. (2003). Cognitive processes in second language learning and bilinguals: the development of lexical and conceptual representations. In C. Doughty and M. H. Long (Eds.), Handbook of second language acquisition (pp. 104-129). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
Lukatela, G., & Turvey, M. T. (1994). Visual lexical access is initially phonological: 2. Evidence from phonological priming by homophones and pseudoho-mophones. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 123, 331–353.
Lukatela, G., Lukatela, K., & Turvey, M. T. (1993). Further evidence for the phonological constraints on visual lexical access: TOWED primes FROG. Perception & Psychophysics, 53, 461–466.
McClelland, J. L., & Rumelhart, D. F. (1981). An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception, Part 1: An account of basic findings. Psychological Review, 88, 375-405.
Potter, M. C., So, K. F., Von Eckardt, B., & Feldman, L. B. (1984). Lexical and conceptual representation in beginning and proficient bilinguals. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23, 23-38.
Rubenstein, H., Lewis, S. S., & Rubenstein, M. A. (1971). Evidence for phonemic recoding in visual word recognition. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 10, 645–657.
Singhia, P., Kumar, M., Malhi, P., & Kumar, R. (2007) Utility of the WHO Ten Questions Screen for Disability Detection in a Rural Community—the North Indian Experience. Journal of TropicalPaediatrics, 83, 6, 383-387.
Talamas, A., Kroll, J. F., & Dufour, R. (1999). Form related errors in second language learning: A preliminary stage in the acquisition of L2 vocabulary. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 2, 45-58.
Van Heuven, W. J. B., Dijkstra, A, & Grainger, J. (1998). Orthographic neighborhood effects in bilingual word recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 39, 458-483.
Ziegler, J. C., & Jacobs, A. M. (1995). Phonological information provides early sources of constraint in the processing of letter strings. Journal of Memory and Language, 34, 567–593
Berent, I., & Perfetti, C. (1995). A rose is a reez: The two-cycles model of phonology assembly in reading English. Psychological Review, 102, 146–184.
Carello, C., Turvey, M. T., & Lukatela, G. (1992). Can theories of word recognition remain stubbornly nonphonological? Cited in Grainger, J., & Ferrand, L. (1996). Masked orthographic and phonological priming in visual word recognition and naming: Cross-task comparisons. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 623-647.
Ferrand, L., & Grainger, J. (1994). Effects of orthography are independent of phonology in masked form priming. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 47A, 365–382.
Forster, K. I. (1976). Accessing the mental lexicon. Cited in Grainger, J., & Ferrand, L. (1996). Masked orthographic and phonological priming in visual word recognition and naming: Cross-task comparisons. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 623-647.
Forster, K.I., & Forster, I. (1999). University of Arizona. Retrieved from http://www.u.arizona.edu/~kforster/dmdx/dmdx.htm on 21.7.2008.
Grainger, J., & Dijkstra, A. (1992). On the representation and use of language information in bilinguals. In R. Harris (Ed.), Cognitive processing in bilinguals(pp.207-220). Amsterdam: Elsevier. Cited in Eileen Locke, B.A.(2008) The Effects of Exposure Type on Lexical Processing in Lowlevel Bilinguals. Mater thesis submitted to Texas Tech University.
Grainger, J., & Ferrand, L. (1996). Masked orthographic and phonological priming in visual word recognition and naming: Cross-task comparisons. Journal of Memory and Language, 35, 623-647.
Humphreys, G. W., & Evett, L. J. (1985). Are there independent lexical and nonlexical routes in word processing? An evaluation of the dual route theory of reading. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 8, 689–740.
Kroll, J. F., & Stewart, E. (1994). Category interference in translation and picture naming: Evidence for asymmetric connections between bilingual memory representations. Journal of Memory and Language, 33, 149-174.
Kroll, J. F., & Sunderman, G. (2003). Cognitive processes in second language learning and bilinguals: the development of lexical and conceptual representations. In C. Doughty and M. H. Long (Eds.), Handbook of second language acquisition (pp. 104-129). Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.
Lukatela, G., & Turvey, M. T. (1994). Visual lexical access is initially phonological: 2. Evidence from phonological priming by homophones and pseudoho-mophones. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 123, 331–353.
Lukatela, G., Lukatela, K., & Turvey, M. T. (1993). Further evidence for the phonological constraints on visual lexical access: TOWED primes FROG. Perception & Psychophysics, 53, 461–466.
McClelland, J. L., & Rumelhart, D. F. (1981). An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception, Part 1: An account of basic findings. Psychological Review, 88, 375-405.
Potter, M. C., So, K. F., Von Eckardt, B., & Feldman, L. B. (1984). Lexical and conceptual representation in beginning and proficient bilinguals. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 23, 23-38.
Rubenstein, H., Lewis, S. S., & Rubenstein, M. A. (1971). Evidence for phonemic recoding in visual word recognition. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 10, 645–657.
Singhia, P., Kumar, M., Malhi, P., & Kumar, R. (2007) Utility of the WHO Ten Questions Screen for Disability Detection in a Rural Community—the North Indian Experience. Journal of TropicalPaediatrics, 83, 6, 383-387.
Talamas, A., Kroll, J. F., & Dufour, R. (1999). Form related errors in second language learning: A preliminary stage in the acquisition of L2 vocabulary. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 2, 45-58.
Van Heuven, W. J. B., Dijkstra, A, & Grainger, J. (1998). Orthographic neighborhood effects in bilingual word recognition. Journal of Memory and Language, 39, 458-483.
Ziegler, J. C., & Jacobs, A. M. (1995). Phonological information provides early sources of constraint in the processing of letter strings. Journal of Memory and Language, 34, 567–593