Vol 34 No 1 (2015): .
Communication
How to Cite
Jayashree C. Shanbal, K, A., & Madhu Sudharshan Reddy. (1). Distribution of Communication Disorders in Primary School Children. Journal of All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, 34(1), 128-133. Retrieved from http://203.129.241.91/jaiish/index.php/aiish/article/view/859
Abstract
Evidence regarding incidence and prevalence of a communication disorder is essential for early identication, rehabilitation and prevention of occur- rence of a disorder. The present study aimed to identify the distribution of communication disorders in primary school children. A total of 2010 primary school children had participated in the screening program for communication disorders. All the children were screened for speech and language disorders using various speech and language test tools. Theresults of the study revealed that around 11.5% of school children had some form of communication disorders. Among these, distribution of language disorders (7.4%) was in greater proportion when compared to speech disorders (3.8%) and multiple disorders (0.2%). Within the
disordered group, boys (66.7%) were more likely than girls (33.3%) to have had any communication disorder with a ratio of around 2:1. Theresults indicated the importance of identifying communication disorders in school children as young as possible. Often communication disorders go undetected at the early stage in school children and result in major impact in their social and academic life. The ndings of the study stress the need to plan for prevention strategies of communication disorders in terms of early identication and intervention in young children
References
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Al-Farsi, Y., Al-Sharbati, M., Al-Farsi, O., Al- Shafaee, M.,
Brooks, D., & Waly, M. (2010). Brief report: Prevalence
of autistic spectrum disorders in the Sultanate of Oman.
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder, 41(6),
821-5.
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (1993).
De nitions of communication disorders and
variations [Relevant Paper]. Available from
www.asha.org/policy.
Babu, R. M., Ratna, N., & Bettagiri, R. (1972). Test of articulation
in Kannada. Journal of the All India Institute
of Speech and Hearing, 3, 7-19.
Beitchman, J. H., Nair, R., Clegg, M., Patel, P. G., Ferguson,
B., Pressman, E., & Smith, A. (1986). Prevalence of
speech and language disorders in 5-year-old kindergarten
children in the Ottawa-Carleton region. The Journal of
Speech and Hearing Disorders, 51(2), 98-110.
Blumberg, S. J., Kogan, M. D., Schieve, L. A., Jones, J. R.,
& Lu, M.C. (2013). Changes in Prevalence of Parentreported
Autism Spectrum Disorder in School-aged U.S.
Children: 2007 to 2011-2012. National Health Statistics
Reports, 65, 1-11.
Bzoch, K., & League, R. (1971). Receptive Expressive Emer-
gent Language Scale. Language Educational Division,
Computer Management Corporation, The Tree of Life
Press: Gainesville, Florida.
Census of India (2011). Disabled population by type of disability,
age, sex and type [Statistics online]. New Delhi:
Oce of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner,
Ministry of Home A airs, Govt. of India; [Cited 18 June
2015]. Available from: http://censusindia.gov.in
Cortiella, C., & Horowitz, S. H. (2014). The State of Learn-
ing Disabilities: Facts, Trends and Emerging Issues,
(3rd ed.), A publication of National Center for Learning
Disabilities, New York.
Craig, A., Hancock, K., Tran, Y., Craig, M., & Peters, K.
(2002). Epidemiology of stuttering in the community
across the entire life span. Journal of Speech Language
and Hearing Research, 45(6), 1097-1105.
De Andrade, C. R. F. (1997). Speech-language idiopathic
disorder prevalence in children from one to eleven years
of age. Rev Saude Publica, 31(5): 495-501.
Deepa, A., & Savithri, S. R. (2010). Re-standardization
of Kannada Articulation Test (Published Masters dissertation).
Student Research at AIISH, University of
Mysore, VIIIB, 200 -213.
Dhanda, A., & Jagawat, T. (2013). Prevalence and pattern
of learning disabilities in school children. Delhi Psychi-
atry Journal, 16(2), 386-390.
Du , M., Proctor, A., & Yairi, E. (2004). Prevalence of voice
disorders in African American and European American
pre-schoolers. Journal of Voice, 18(3), 348-53.
Harasty, J., & Reed, V. A. (1994). The prevalence of speech
and language impairment in two Sydney metropolitan
schools. Australian Journal of Human Communication
Disorders, 22, 1-23.
Harlekhar, G. (1986). Three dimensional language acquisi-
tion test (3DLAT), [Unpublished Master's dissertation].
AIISH, University of Mysore.
Harrison, L. J., & McLeod, S. (2010). Risk and protective
factors associated with speech and language impairment
in a nationally representative sample of 4- to 5-year-old
children. Journal of Speech Language, and Hearing Re-
search, 53, 508-529.
Helgason, T. (1964). Epidemiology of mental disorders in
Iceland. A psychiatric and demographic investigation
of 5395 Icelanders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,
39(S173), 7-250.
Johnson, A. (2002). Prevalence and characteristics of children
with cerebral palsy in Europe. Developmental
Medicine and Child Neurology, 44, 633-640.
Johnston, M. V., & Hagberg, H. (2007). Sex and the pathogenesis
of cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and
Child Neurology, 49, 74-78.
Karande, S., & Kulkarni, M. (2005). Poor school performance.
Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 72(11), 961-
967.
Keating, D., Turrell, G., & Ozanne, A. (2001). Childhood
speech disorders: Reported prevalence, comorbidity and
socioeconomic pro le. Journal of Paediatrics and Child
Health,37, 431-436.
Kocovska, E., Biskupst, R., Carina Gillberg, I., Ellefsen,
A., Kampmann, H., Stora, T., Billstedt, E., Gillberg,
C. (2012). The rising prevalence of autism: a prospective
longitudinal study in the Faroe Islands, Journal
of Autism and Developmental Disorder, 42(9), 1959-
1966.
Koirala, N. R., Das, A. K., & Bhagat, S. K. (2012). The
prevalence of mental retardation by gender, age, and age
of diagnosis at Nobel Medical College, Biratnagar. Jour-
nal of Nobel Medical College, 1(2), 77-81.
Law, J., Boyle, J., Harris, F., Harkness, A., & Nye, C.
(2000). Prevalence and natural history of primary
speech and language delay: Findings from a systematic
review of the literature. International Journal of
Language and Communication Disorders, 35(2), 165-
188.
McKinnon, D. H., McLeod, S., & Reilly, S. (2007). The
prevalence of stuttering, voice and speech-sound disorders
in primary school students in Australia. Lan-
guage, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 38(1),
5-15.
McLeod, S., & McKinnon, D. H. (2007). The prevalence of
communication disorders compared with other learning
needs in 14,500 primary and secondary school students.
International Journal of Language and Communication
Disorders, 42(S1), 37-59.
Meisels, S.J., Wiske, M.S., & Tivnan, T. (2006). Predicting
school performance with the early screening inventory.
Psychology in the Schools, 21(1), 25-33.
Moqasale, V., Patil, D. V., Patil, M. N., & Mogasale, V.
(2012). Prevalence of speci c learning disabilities among
primary school children in south Indian city. Indian
Journal of Pediatrics, 79(3), 342-347.
Murphy, C. C., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Decou
e, P., & Drews,
C. D. (1995). The administrative prevalence of mental
retardation in 10-year-old children in metropolitan Atlanta,
1985 through 1987. American Journal of Public
Health, 85, 319-323.
Okalidou, A., & Kampanaros, M. (2001). Teacher perceptions
of communication impairment at screening stage
in preschool children living in Patras, Greece. Interna-
tional Journal of Language & Communication Disor-
ders, 36(4), 489-502.
Reiss, A. L., Kesler, S. R., Vohr, B., Duncan, C. C., Katz,
K. H., Pajot, S., et al. (2004). Sex di erences in cerebral
volumes of 8-year-olds born preterm. Journal of
Pediatrics, 145, 242-249.
Riley, G. D. A. (1994). Stuttering Severity Instrument for
children and adults. Austin, Tex.: Pro-Ed.
Roeleveld, N., Zielhuis, G. A., & Gabreels, F. (1997). The
prevalence of mental retardation: a critical review of recent
literature. Developmental Medicine and Child Neu-
rology,39 (2) 125-132.
Roongpraiwan, R., Ruangdaraganon, N., Visudhiphan, P.,
& Santikul, K. (2002). Prevalence and clinical characteristics
of dyslexia in primary school students. Jour-
nal of Medical Association of Thailand, 85(4), 1097-
103.
Roth, S. C. (2004). Learning disabilities: the interaction
of students and their environments (5th ed.). Boston:
Hlyn & Bacon/Pearson Education.
Shah, N., & Bajaj, S. (1994). Study of students having
uneven performance in di erent subjects in school.
Archives of Indian psychiatry, 1(1), 22-24.
Shanbal, J. C., Goswami, S. P., Chaithra, S., & Prathima,
S. (2010). Phonological awareness skills and reading in
children who are at risk for learning disability: Role in
the Indian context. Journal of the All India Institute of
Speech and Hearing, 29(2), 204-214.
Shriberg, L. D., Tomblin, J. B., & McSweeny, J. L. (1999).
Prevalence of speech delay in 6-year-old children and
comorbidity with language impairment. Journal of
Speech Language, and Hearing Research, 42, 1461-
1481.
Spee-van der Wekke, J., den Ouden, A. L., Meulmeester,
J. F., & Radder, J. J. (2000). Self-reported physical
disabilities in children in the Netherlands. Disability &
Rehabilitation, 22, 323-329.
Sreeraj, K., Suma, C., Jayaram, G., Sandeep, M., Mahima,
G., & Shreyank, P. S. (2013). Prevalence of communication
disorders in rural population of India. Journal of
Hearing Science, 3(2), 41-49.
Stromme, P., & Magnus, P. (2000). Correlations between
socioeconomic status, IQ and aetiology in mental retardation:
a population based study of Norwegian children.
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 35, 12-
18.
Stich, H. L., Baune, B. T., Caniato, R.N., Mikolajczyk,
R.Y., & Kramer, A. (2012). Individual development
of preschool children prevalences and determinants of
delays in Germany: a cross-sectional study in Southern
Bavaria. BioMed Central Pediatrics, 12(188), 2-
9.
Swapna, N., Jayaram, M., Prema, K.S, & Geetha, Y.V.
(2010). Development of intervention module for
preschool children with communication disorders [Un-
published Project]. AIISH Research Fund, All India Institute
of Speech and Hearing, Mysore.
Tomblin, J. B., Records, N. L., Buckwalter, P., Zhang, X.,
Smith, E., & O'Brien, M. (1997). Prevalence of speci c
language impairment in kindergarten children , Jour-
nal of speech Language and Hearing research, 40, 1245-
1260.
Werling, D. M., & Geschwind, D. H., (2013). Sex di erences
in autism spectrum disorders. Current Opinion in
Neurology, 26(2), 146-153.
Westbom, L., Hagglund, G., & Nordmark, E. (2007). Cerebral
palsy in a total population of 4-11 year olds in southern
Sweden. Prevalence and distribution according to
di erent CP classi cation systems. BioMed Central Pe-
diatrics, 7, 41.
Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Van Naarden Braun, K., Doernberg,
N. S., Benedict, R. E., Kirby, R. S., & Durkin, M. S.
(2008). Prevalence of cerebral palsy in 8-year-old children
in three areas of the United States in 2002: a multisite
collaboration. Pediatrics, 121, 547-54.
Mental Retardation and Developmental Disabili-
ties Research Reviews, 4, 2-5.
Agarwal, K. N., Agarwal, D. K., Upadhay, S. K., & Singh,
M. (1991). Learning disability in rural primary school
children. Indian Journal of Medical research, 94, 89-
95.
Al-Farsi, Y., Al-Sharbati, M., Al-Farsi, O., Al- Shafaee, M.,
Brooks, D., & Waly, M. (2010). Brief report: Prevalence
of autistic spectrum disorders in the Sultanate of Oman.
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorder, 41(6),
821-5.
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association. (1993).
De nitions of communication disorders and
variations [Relevant Paper]. Available from
www.asha.org/policy.
Babu, R. M., Ratna, N., & Bettagiri, R. (1972). Test of articulation
in Kannada. Journal of the All India Institute
of Speech and Hearing, 3, 7-19.
Beitchman, J. H., Nair, R., Clegg, M., Patel, P. G., Ferguson,
B., Pressman, E., & Smith, A. (1986). Prevalence of
speech and language disorders in 5-year-old kindergarten
children in the Ottawa-Carleton region. The Journal of
Speech and Hearing Disorders, 51(2), 98-110.
Blumberg, S. J., Kogan, M. D., Schieve, L. A., Jones, J. R.,
& Lu, M.C. (2013). Changes in Prevalence of Parentreported
Autism Spectrum Disorder in School-aged U.S.
Children: 2007 to 2011-2012. National Health Statistics
Reports, 65, 1-11.
Bzoch, K., & League, R. (1971). Receptive Expressive Emer-
gent Language Scale. Language Educational Division,
Computer Management Corporation, The Tree of Life
Press: Gainesville, Florida.
Census of India (2011). Disabled population by type of disability,
age, sex and type [Statistics online]. New Delhi:
Oce of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner,
Ministry of Home A airs, Govt. of India; [Cited 18 June
2015]. Available from: http://censusindia.gov.in
Cortiella, C., & Horowitz, S. H. (2014). The State of Learn-
ing Disabilities: Facts, Trends and Emerging Issues,
(3rd ed.), A publication of National Center for Learning
Disabilities, New York.
Craig, A., Hancock, K., Tran, Y., Craig, M., & Peters, K.
(2002). Epidemiology of stuttering in the community
across the entire life span. Journal of Speech Language
and Hearing Research, 45(6), 1097-1105.
De Andrade, C. R. F. (1997). Speech-language idiopathic
disorder prevalence in children from one to eleven years
of age. Rev Saude Publica, 31(5): 495-501.
Deepa, A., & Savithri, S. R. (2010). Re-standardization
of Kannada Articulation Test (Published Masters dissertation).
Student Research at AIISH, University of
Mysore, VIIIB, 200 -213.
Dhanda, A., & Jagawat, T. (2013). Prevalence and pattern
of learning disabilities in school children. Delhi Psychi-
atry Journal, 16(2), 386-390.
Du , M., Proctor, A., & Yairi, E. (2004). Prevalence of voice
disorders in African American and European American
pre-schoolers. Journal of Voice, 18(3), 348-53.
Harasty, J., & Reed, V. A. (1994). The prevalence of speech
and language impairment in two Sydney metropolitan
schools. Australian Journal of Human Communication
Disorders, 22, 1-23.
Harlekhar, G. (1986). Three dimensional language acquisi-
tion test (3DLAT), [Unpublished Master's dissertation].
AIISH, University of Mysore.
Harrison, L. J., & McLeod, S. (2010). Risk and protective
factors associated with speech and language impairment
in a nationally representative sample of 4- to 5-year-old
children. Journal of Speech Language, and Hearing Re-
search, 53, 508-529.
Helgason, T. (1964). Epidemiology of mental disorders in
Iceland. A psychiatric and demographic investigation
of 5395 Icelanders. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica,
39(S173), 7-250.
Johnson, A. (2002). Prevalence and characteristics of children
with cerebral palsy in Europe. Developmental
Medicine and Child Neurology, 44, 633-640.
Johnston, M. V., & Hagberg, H. (2007). Sex and the pathogenesis
of cerebral palsy. Developmental Medicine and
Child Neurology, 49, 74-78.
Karande, S., & Kulkarni, M. (2005). Poor school performance.
Indian Journal of Pediatrics, 72(11), 961-
967.
Keating, D., Turrell, G., & Ozanne, A. (2001). Childhood
speech disorders: Reported prevalence, comorbidity and
socioeconomic pro le. Journal of Paediatrics and Child
Health,37, 431-436.
Kocovska, E., Biskupst, R., Carina Gillberg, I., Ellefsen,
A., Kampmann, H., Stora, T., Billstedt, E., Gillberg,
C. (2012). The rising prevalence of autism: a prospective
longitudinal study in the Faroe Islands, Journal
of Autism and Developmental Disorder, 42(9), 1959-
1966.
Koirala, N. R., Das, A. K., & Bhagat, S. K. (2012). The
prevalence of mental retardation by gender, age, and age
of diagnosis at Nobel Medical College, Biratnagar. Jour-
nal of Nobel Medical College, 1(2), 77-81.
Law, J., Boyle, J., Harris, F., Harkness, A., & Nye, C.
(2000). Prevalence and natural history of primary
speech and language delay: Findings from a systematic
review of the literature. International Journal of
Language and Communication Disorders, 35(2), 165-
188.
McKinnon, D. H., McLeod, S., & Reilly, S. (2007). The
prevalence of stuttering, voice and speech-sound disorders
in primary school students in Australia. Lan-
guage, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 38(1),
5-15.
McLeod, S., & McKinnon, D. H. (2007). The prevalence of
communication disorders compared with other learning
needs in 14,500 primary and secondary school students.
International Journal of Language and Communication
Disorders, 42(S1), 37-59.
Meisels, S.J., Wiske, M.S., & Tivnan, T. (2006). Predicting
school performance with the early screening inventory.
Psychology in the Schools, 21(1), 25-33.
Moqasale, V., Patil, D. V., Patil, M. N., & Mogasale, V.
(2012). Prevalence of speci c learning disabilities among
primary school children in south Indian city. Indian
Journal of Pediatrics, 79(3), 342-347.
Murphy, C. C., Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Decou
e, P., & Drews,
C. D. (1995). The administrative prevalence of mental
retardation in 10-year-old children in metropolitan Atlanta,
1985 through 1987. American Journal of Public
Health, 85, 319-323.
Okalidou, A., & Kampanaros, M. (2001). Teacher perceptions
of communication impairment at screening stage
in preschool children living in Patras, Greece. Interna-
tional Journal of Language & Communication Disor-
ders, 36(4), 489-502.
Reiss, A. L., Kesler, S. R., Vohr, B., Duncan, C. C., Katz,
K. H., Pajot, S., et al. (2004). Sex di erences in cerebral
volumes of 8-year-olds born preterm. Journal of
Pediatrics, 145, 242-249.
Riley, G. D. A. (1994). Stuttering Severity Instrument for
children and adults. Austin, Tex.: Pro-Ed.
Roeleveld, N., Zielhuis, G. A., & Gabreels, F. (1997). The
prevalence of mental retardation: a critical review of recent
literature. Developmental Medicine and Child Neu-
rology,39 (2) 125-132.
Roongpraiwan, R., Ruangdaraganon, N., Visudhiphan, P.,
& Santikul, K. (2002). Prevalence and clinical characteristics
of dyslexia in primary school students. Jour-
nal of Medical Association of Thailand, 85(4), 1097-
103.
Roth, S. C. (2004). Learning disabilities: the interaction
of students and their environments (5th ed.). Boston:
Hlyn & Bacon/Pearson Education.
Shah, N., & Bajaj, S. (1994). Study of students having
uneven performance in di erent subjects in school.
Archives of Indian psychiatry, 1(1), 22-24.
Shanbal, J. C., Goswami, S. P., Chaithra, S., & Prathima,
S. (2010). Phonological awareness skills and reading in
children who are at risk for learning disability: Role in
the Indian context. Journal of the All India Institute of
Speech and Hearing, 29(2), 204-214.
Shriberg, L. D., Tomblin, J. B., & McSweeny, J. L. (1999).
Prevalence of speech delay in 6-year-old children and
comorbidity with language impairment. Journal of
Speech Language, and Hearing Research, 42, 1461-
1481.
Spee-van der Wekke, J., den Ouden, A. L., Meulmeester,
J. F., & Radder, J. J. (2000). Self-reported physical
disabilities in children in the Netherlands. Disability &
Rehabilitation, 22, 323-329.
Sreeraj, K., Suma, C., Jayaram, G., Sandeep, M., Mahima,
G., & Shreyank, P. S. (2013). Prevalence of communication
disorders in rural population of India. Journal of
Hearing Science, 3(2), 41-49.
Stromme, P., & Magnus, P. (2000). Correlations between
socioeconomic status, IQ and aetiology in mental retardation:
a population based study of Norwegian children.
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 35, 12-
18.
Stich, H. L., Baune, B. T., Caniato, R.N., Mikolajczyk,
R.Y., & Kramer, A. (2012). Individual development
of preschool children prevalences and determinants of
delays in Germany: a cross-sectional study in Southern
Bavaria. BioMed Central Pediatrics, 12(188), 2-
9.
Swapna, N., Jayaram, M., Prema, K.S, & Geetha, Y.V.
(2010). Development of intervention module for
preschool children with communication disorders [Un-
published Project]. AIISH Research Fund, All India Institute
of Speech and Hearing, Mysore.
Tomblin, J. B., Records, N. L., Buckwalter, P., Zhang, X.,
Smith, E., & O'Brien, M. (1997). Prevalence of speci c
language impairment in kindergarten children , Jour-
nal of speech Language and Hearing research, 40, 1245-
1260.
Werling, D. M., & Geschwind, D. H., (2013). Sex di erences
in autism spectrum disorders. Current Opinion in
Neurology, 26(2), 146-153.
Westbom, L., Hagglund, G., & Nordmark, E. (2007). Cerebral
palsy in a total population of 4-11 year olds in southern
Sweden. Prevalence and distribution according to
di erent CP classi cation systems. BioMed Central Pe-
diatrics, 7, 41.
Yeargin-Allsopp, M., Van Naarden Braun, K., Doernberg,
N. S., Benedict, R. E., Kirby, R. S., & Durkin, M. S.
(2008). Prevalence of cerebral palsy in 8-year-old children
in three areas of the United States in 2002: a multisite
collaboration. Pediatrics, 121, 547-54.