How to Cite
M, D., & NP, N. (1). Inhibitory control process and lexical robustness in multi-linguals. Journal of All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, 33(1), 99-105. Retrieved from http://203.129.241.91/jaiish/index.php/aiish/article/view/809
Abstract
When a picture is viewed by a monolingual speaker, the conceptual representation is rst set into motion followed by the associated lexical and phonological representations prior verbalization. This uncomplicated mechanism becomes more complicated for multilinguals. This complica- tion is partly resolved by inhibitory control mechanisms. The focus of the
earlier studies on inhibitory control function was on bilinguals. Therefore, present study aimed at investigating the language switching performance and lexical robustness using verbal uency task in multilinguals. Twenty multilingual speakers of Kannada (L1), English (L2) and Hindi (L3) in the age range of 18 to 23 years participated in the study. Reaction time
of language switching across the languages and verbal uency in all the three languages were calculated. The ndings suggested an interaction between inhibitory control abilities and language switching capabilities when particularly switching from a more procient language to less procient language
References
Abunuwara, E. (1992). The structure of the trilingual lexi-
con. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 4, 311-
322.
Abutalebi, J., & Green D. (2007). Bilingual language pro-
duction: The neurocognition of language representa-
tion and control. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 20, 242-
275.
Abutalebi, J., & Green D. (2008). Control mechanisms in
bilingual language production: Neural evidence from
language switching studies. Language and Cognitive
Processes, 23, 557-582.
Aishwarya, N. D. (2011). Lexical access in Kannada speak-
ing children- Urban and Rural. Master's disserta-
tion submitted to University of Mysore, Mysore, In-
dia.
Almeida, J., Janssen, N., & Caramazza, A. (2006). Lexical
selection in bilingual speech production does not involve
language suppression. Journal of Experimental Psychol-
ogy: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32(5), 1075 -
1089.
Altarriba, J., & Basnight-Brown, D. M. (2007). Method-
ological considerations in performing semantic- and
translation-priming experiments across languages. Be-
havior Research Methods , 39(1), 1-18.
Bajo, R., Maests, F., Nevado, A., Sancho, M., Gutirrez,
R., Campo, P., Castellanos, N. P., Gil, P., Moratti, S.,
Pereda, E., & Del-Pozo, F. (2010) Functional connectiv-
ity in mild cognitive impairment during a memory task:
implications for the disconnection hypothesis. Journal
of Alzheimer's Disease, 22(1), 183-193.
Bialystok, E. (2009). Claiming Evidence from Non-evidence:
A Reply to Morton and Harper. Journal of Developmen-
tal Science, 12(4),499-503.
Bialystok, E. (2009). Bilingualism: The good, the bad, and
the indi erent. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition,
12, 3-11.
Bialystok, E. (2014). Double threshold in bi- and multilin-
gual contexts: preconditions for higher academic attain-
ment in English as an additional language. Frontiers in
Psychology, 5, 556.
Costa, A., & Santesteban, M. (2004). Lexical access in bilin-
gual speech production: Evidence from language switch-
ing in highly pro cient bilinguals and L2 learners. Jour-
nal of Memory and Language, 50, 491-511.
Costa, A., Santesteban, M., & Ivanova, I., (2006). How
do highly pro cient bilinguals control their lexicaliza-
tion process? Inhibitory and language-speci c selection
mechanisms are both functional. Journal of Experimen-
tal Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32,
1057-1074.
Costa, A., La Heij, W. & Navarrete, E. (2006). The dynam-
ics of bilingual lexical access.Bilingualism: Language
and Cognition, 9,(2), 137-151.
Dijkstra, T., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (2002). The architec-
ture of the bilingual word recognition system: from iden-
ti cation to decision. Bilingual Language Cognition, 5,
175-197.
Edwards, J., (1994). Multilingualism. UK: Penguin
Books.
Finkbeiner, M., Almeida J., Janssen N., & Caramazza A.,
(2006). Lexical selection in bilingual speech production
does not involve language suppression. Journal of Ex-
perimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cogni-
tion, 32, 1075-1089.
Green, D.W. (1986). Control, activation and resource: a
framework and a model for the control of speech in bilin-
guals. Brain and Language, 27, 210-223.
Green, D. W. (1998). Mental control of the bilingual lexico-
semantic system. Bilingualism : Language and cogni-
tion, 1, 67-81.
Green, D.W. (2003). The neural basis of the lexicon and the
grammar in L2 acquisition: the convergence hypothesis.
In R. van Hout, A. Hulk, F. Kuiken and R. Towell (Eds.),
The interface between syntax and the lexicon in second
language acquisition. (pp. 197-218). Amsterdam: John
Benjamins.
Grosjean, F., (1988). Exploring the recognition of guest
words in bilingual speech. Language and Cognitive Pro-
cesses, 3, 233-274.
Grosjean, F. (1997). Processing mixed languages: Issues,
ndings and models. In Annettee de Groot and Ju-
dith Kroll (Eds.). Tutorials in bilingualism: Psycholin-
guistic perspectives, pp. 225-254, Mahwah, NJ: Erl-
baum.
Grosjean, F. & Miller J., (1994). Going in and out of lan-
guages: An example of bilingual
exibility. Psychologi-
cal Science, 5, 201-206.
Gullberg, M. & Indefrey, P. (2003). Lan-
guage background questionnaire. Nijmegen:
Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics.
http://www.mpi.nl/research/ researchprojects/the-
dynamics-of-multilingual-processing).
Heredia, R. (1997). Bilingual memory and hierarchical mod-
els: A case for language dominance. Current Directions
in Psychological Science, 6, 34-39.
Heredia, R. R., & Altarriba, J. (2001). Bilingual language
mixing: Why do bilinguals code-switch? Current direc-
tions in Psychological Sciences, 10, 164-168.
Hernandez, A. E., & Kohnert, K. (1999). Aging and lan-
guage switching in bilinguals. Aging Neuropsychology
and Cognition, 6, 69-83
Hernandez, A., Martinez A., & Kohnert K., (2000). In
search of the language switch: An fMRI study of pic-
ture naming in Spanish-English bilinguals. Brain and
Language, 73, 421-431.
Hernandez, A., Daprettob, M., Mazziottab, J., &
Bookheimer, S., (2001). Language switching and lan-
guage representation in Spanish-English bilinguals: An
fMRI study. NeuroImage, 14, 510-520.
Jackson, G., Swainson R., Cunnington R., & Jackson S.,
(2001). ERP correlates of executive control during re-
peated language switching. Bilingualism: Language and
Cognition, 4, 169-178.
Kave, G., (2008). Multilingualism and cognitive state in the
oldest old. Psychology and Aging, 23(1), 70-78.
Krishnan, G., & Tiwari, S. (2010). Evidence for the In-
hibitory Control-based Language Non-speci c Lexical
Selection in Bilinguals. Journal of the All India Institute
of Speech and Hearing, 29(1), 147-54.
Kroll, J. F., Bobb, S., & Wodniecka, Z. (2006). Language
selectivity is the exception, not the rule: Arguments
against a xed locus of language selection in bilingual
speech. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9, 119-
135.
Kroll, J. F., Bobb, S. C., Misra, M., & Guo T. (2008).
Language selection in bilingual speech: Evidence for
inhibitory processes. Acta Psychologica, 128, 416-
430.
Li, P. (1996). Spoken word recognition of code-switched
words by Chinese-English bilinguals. Journal of Mem-
ory and Language, 35, 757-774.
Li, P. (1998). Mental control, language tags, and language
nodes in bilingual lexical processing. Bilingualism: Lan-
guage and Cognition, 1, 92-93.
Linck, J. A., Hoshino, N., & Kroll, J. F. (2008). Cross-
language lexical processes and inhibitory control. The
Mental Lexicon, 3, 349-374.
Linck J. A., Schwieter, J. M., & Sunderman, G. (2012).
Inhibitory control predicts language switching perfor-
mance in trilingual speech production. Bilingualism:
Language and Cognition, 15, 651-662.
McArthur T., (1992). The Oxford companion to the English
language. Oxford:University Press.
Meuter, R., (1994). Language switching in naming tasks.
Oxford: Oxford University dissertation.
Meuter, R., & Allport A., (1999). Bilingual language switch-
ing in naming: Asymmetrical costs of language selection.
Journal of Memory and Language , 40, 25-40.
Price, C., Green D., & Studnitz R., (1999). A functional
imaging study of translation and language switching.
Brain, 122, 2221-2235.
Sebastian, R., & Prema, K. S. (2005). Cross language
priming in bilingual aphasics. Student Research at
AIISH part-B, III, 112-126, A Publication of AIISH,
Mysore.
Schwieter, J. W., (2008). The e ects of bilingual type on
language Selectivity. In Miguel Montero, Paul Cham-
ness Miller, and John Watze (Eds.). Readings in lan-
guage studies: Language across disciplinary boundaries
(pp. 417-431), New York: Information Age Publish-
ing.
Schwieter, J. W., (2010). Cognition and bilingual speech:
Psycholinguistic aspects of language production, pro-
cessing, and inhibitory control. Saarbrucken, Germany:
Lambert Academic Publishing.
Schwieter, J. W.,(2013). Lexical inhibition in trilingual
speakers. In Tirkkonen, J., Anttikoski, E. (Eds.). Pro-
ceedings of The 24th Conference of Scandinavian Lin-
guistics. Publications of the University of Eastern Fin-
land: Reports and Studies in Education, Humanities,
and Theology. University of Eastern Finland Press,
Joensuu, Finland, pp. 249-260.
Schwieter, J. W., & Sunderman, G. (2008). Language
switching in bilingual speech production: In search of
the language-speci c selection mechanism. Mental Lex-
icon, 3, 214238.
Schwieter, J., & Sunderman, G. (2009). Concept selection
and developmental e ects in bilingual speech produc-
tion. Language Learning, 59, 897-927.
Schwieter, J., & Sunderman, G. (2011). \Inhibitory con-
trol processes and lexical access in trilingual speech pro-
duction." Linguistic approaches to bilingualism, 1(4),
391-412.
Schwieter, J., & Sunderman G., (2012). Inhibitory con-
trol predicts language switching performance in trilin-
gual speech production. Bilingualism: Language and
Cognition, 15(3), 651-662.
Shivabasappa, P., Rajashekar, B. & Krishnan, G. (2011).
Language Non-Speci c Lexical Activation in Bilinguals:
Evidence from the Phoneme Monitoring Task, Journal
of All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, 30, 160-
168.
Suma, D. R. (2013). Language Non-Speci c Lexical Selec-
tion in Bilingual Adults. Unpublished dissertation. Uni-
versity of Mysore, Mysore.
Vildomec, V. (1963). Multilingualism. Leyden: A.W.
Sytho .
Wodniecka, Z., Bobb S., Kroll S., & Green D., (2005). Is the
rst language inhibited when speaking the second lan-
guage? Evidence from a competitor priming paradigm.
Paper presented at the 14th conference of the Euro-
pean Society for Cognitive Psychology, Leiden, and The
Netherlands.
con. European Journal of Cognitive Psychology, 4, 311-
322.
Abutalebi, J., & Green D. (2007). Bilingual language pro-
duction: The neurocognition of language representa-
tion and control. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 20, 242-
275.
Abutalebi, J., & Green D. (2008). Control mechanisms in
bilingual language production: Neural evidence from
language switching studies. Language and Cognitive
Processes, 23, 557-582.
Aishwarya, N. D. (2011). Lexical access in Kannada speak-
ing children- Urban and Rural. Master's disserta-
tion submitted to University of Mysore, Mysore, In-
dia.
Almeida, J., Janssen, N., & Caramazza, A. (2006). Lexical
selection in bilingual speech production does not involve
language suppression. Journal of Experimental Psychol-
ogy: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32(5), 1075 -
1089.
Altarriba, J., & Basnight-Brown, D. M. (2007). Method-
ological considerations in performing semantic- and
translation-priming experiments across languages. Be-
havior Research Methods , 39(1), 1-18.
Bajo, R., Maests, F., Nevado, A., Sancho, M., Gutirrez,
R., Campo, P., Castellanos, N. P., Gil, P., Moratti, S.,
Pereda, E., & Del-Pozo, F. (2010) Functional connectiv-
ity in mild cognitive impairment during a memory task:
implications for the disconnection hypothesis. Journal
of Alzheimer's Disease, 22(1), 183-193.
Bialystok, E. (2009). Claiming Evidence from Non-evidence:
A Reply to Morton and Harper. Journal of Developmen-
tal Science, 12(4),499-503.
Bialystok, E. (2009). Bilingualism: The good, the bad, and
the indi erent. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition,
12, 3-11.
Bialystok, E. (2014). Double threshold in bi- and multilin-
gual contexts: preconditions for higher academic attain-
ment in English as an additional language. Frontiers in
Psychology, 5, 556.
Costa, A., & Santesteban, M. (2004). Lexical access in bilin-
gual speech production: Evidence from language switch-
ing in highly pro cient bilinguals and L2 learners. Jour-
nal of Memory and Language, 50, 491-511.
Costa, A., Santesteban, M., & Ivanova, I., (2006). How
do highly pro cient bilinguals control their lexicaliza-
tion process? Inhibitory and language-speci c selection
mechanisms are both functional. Journal of Experimen-
tal Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 32,
1057-1074.
Costa, A., La Heij, W. & Navarrete, E. (2006). The dynam-
ics of bilingual lexical access.Bilingualism: Language
and Cognition, 9,(2), 137-151.
Dijkstra, T., & van Heuven, W. J. B. (2002). The architec-
ture of the bilingual word recognition system: from iden-
ti cation to decision. Bilingual Language Cognition, 5,
175-197.
Edwards, J., (1994). Multilingualism. UK: Penguin
Books.
Finkbeiner, M., Almeida J., Janssen N., & Caramazza A.,
(2006). Lexical selection in bilingual speech production
does not involve language suppression. Journal of Ex-
perimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cogni-
tion, 32, 1075-1089.
Green, D.W. (1986). Control, activation and resource: a
framework and a model for the control of speech in bilin-
guals. Brain and Language, 27, 210-223.
Green, D. W. (1998). Mental control of the bilingual lexico-
semantic system. Bilingualism : Language and cogni-
tion, 1, 67-81.
Green, D.W. (2003). The neural basis of the lexicon and the
grammar in L2 acquisition: the convergence hypothesis.
In R. van Hout, A. Hulk, F. Kuiken and R. Towell (Eds.),
The interface between syntax and the lexicon in second
language acquisition. (pp. 197-218). Amsterdam: John
Benjamins.
Grosjean, F., (1988). Exploring the recognition of guest
words in bilingual speech. Language and Cognitive Pro-
cesses, 3, 233-274.
Grosjean, F. (1997). Processing mixed languages: Issues,
ndings and models. In Annettee de Groot and Ju-
dith Kroll (Eds.). Tutorials in bilingualism: Psycholin-
guistic perspectives, pp. 225-254, Mahwah, NJ: Erl-
baum.
Grosjean, F. & Miller J., (1994). Going in and out of lan-
guages: An example of bilingual
exibility. Psychologi-
cal Science, 5, 201-206.
Gullberg, M. & Indefrey, P. (2003). Lan-
guage background questionnaire. Nijmegen:
Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics.
http://www.mpi.nl/research/ researchprojects/the-
dynamics-of-multilingual-processing).
Heredia, R. (1997). Bilingual memory and hierarchical mod-
els: A case for language dominance. Current Directions
in Psychological Science, 6, 34-39.
Heredia, R. R., & Altarriba, J. (2001). Bilingual language
mixing: Why do bilinguals code-switch? Current direc-
tions in Psychological Sciences, 10, 164-168.
Hernandez, A. E., & Kohnert, K. (1999). Aging and lan-
guage switching in bilinguals. Aging Neuropsychology
and Cognition, 6, 69-83
Hernandez, A., Martinez A., & Kohnert K., (2000). In
search of the language switch: An fMRI study of pic-
ture naming in Spanish-English bilinguals. Brain and
Language, 73, 421-431.
Hernandez, A., Daprettob, M., Mazziottab, J., &
Bookheimer, S., (2001). Language switching and lan-
guage representation in Spanish-English bilinguals: An
fMRI study. NeuroImage, 14, 510-520.
Jackson, G., Swainson R., Cunnington R., & Jackson S.,
(2001). ERP correlates of executive control during re-
peated language switching. Bilingualism: Language and
Cognition, 4, 169-178.
Kave, G., (2008). Multilingualism and cognitive state in the
oldest old. Psychology and Aging, 23(1), 70-78.
Krishnan, G., & Tiwari, S. (2010). Evidence for the In-
hibitory Control-based Language Non-speci c Lexical
Selection in Bilinguals. Journal of the All India Institute
of Speech and Hearing, 29(1), 147-54.
Kroll, J. F., Bobb, S., & Wodniecka, Z. (2006). Language
selectivity is the exception, not the rule: Arguments
against a xed locus of language selection in bilingual
speech. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 9, 119-
135.
Kroll, J. F., Bobb, S. C., Misra, M., & Guo T. (2008).
Language selection in bilingual speech: Evidence for
inhibitory processes. Acta Psychologica, 128, 416-
430.
Li, P. (1996). Spoken word recognition of code-switched
words by Chinese-English bilinguals. Journal of Mem-
ory and Language, 35, 757-774.
Li, P. (1998). Mental control, language tags, and language
nodes in bilingual lexical processing. Bilingualism: Lan-
guage and Cognition, 1, 92-93.
Linck, J. A., Hoshino, N., & Kroll, J. F. (2008). Cross-
language lexical processes and inhibitory control. The
Mental Lexicon, 3, 349-374.
Linck J. A., Schwieter, J. M., & Sunderman, G. (2012).
Inhibitory control predicts language switching perfor-
mance in trilingual speech production. Bilingualism:
Language and Cognition, 15, 651-662.
McArthur T., (1992). The Oxford companion to the English
language. Oxford:University Press.
Meuter, R., (1994). Language switching in naming tasks.
Oxford: Oxford University dissertation.
Meuter, R., & Allport A., (1999). Bilingual language switch-
ing in naming: Asymmetrical costs of language selection.
Journal of Memory and Language , 40, 25-40.
Price, C., Green D., & Studnitz R., (1999). A functional
imaging study of translation and language switching.
Brain, 122, 2221-2235.
Sebastian, R., & Prema, K. S. (2005). Cross language
priming in bilingual aphasics. Student Research at
AIISH part-B, III, 112-126, A Publication of AIISH,
Mysore.
Schwieter, J. W., (2008). The e ects of bilingual type on
language Selectivity. In Miguel Montero, Paul Cham-
ness Miller, and John Watze (Eds.). Readings in lan-
guage studies: Language across disciplinary boundaries
(pp. 417-431), New York: Information Age Publish-
ing.
Schwieter, J. W., (2010). Cognition and bilingual speech:
Psycholinguistic aspects of language production, pro-
cessing, and inhibitory control. Saarbrucken, Germany:
Lambert Academic Publishing.
Schwieter, J. W.,(2013). Lexical inhibition in trilingual
speakers. In Tirkkonen, J., Anttikoski, E. (Eds.). Pro-
ceedings of The 24th Conference of Scandinavian Lin-
guistics. Publications of the University of Eastern Fin-
land: Reports and Studies in Education, Humanities,
and Theology. University of Eastern Finland Press,
Joensuu, Finland, pp. 249-260.
Schwieter, J. W., & Sunderman, G. (2008). Language
switching in bilingual speech production: In search of
the language-speci c selection mechanism. Mental Lex-
icon, 3, 214238.
Schwieter, J., & Sunderman, G. (2009). Concept selection
and developmental e ects in bilingual speech produc-
tion. Language Learning, 59, 897-927.
Schwieter, J., & Sunderman, G. (2011). \Inhibitory con-
trol processes and lexical access in trilingual speech pro-
duction." Linguistic approaches to bilingualism, 1(4),
391-412.
Schwieter, J., & Sunderman G., (2012). Inhibitory con-
trol predicts language switching performance in trilin-
gual speech production. Bilingualism: Language and
Cognition, 15(3), 651-662.
Shivabasappa, P., Rajashekar, B. & Krishnan, G. (2011).
Language Non-Speci c Lexical Activation in Bilinguals:
Evidence from the Phoneme Monitoring Task, Journal
of All India Institute of Speech and Hearing, 30, 160-
168.
Suma, D. R. (2013). Language Non-Speci c Lexical Selec-
tion in Bilingual Adults. Unpublished dissertation. Uni-
versity of Mysore, Mysore.
Vildomec, V. (1963). Multilingualism. Leyden: A.W.
Sytho .
Wodniecka, Z., Bobb S., Kroll S., & Green D., (2005). Is the
rst language inhibited when speaking the second lan-
guage? Evidence from a competitor priming paradigm.
Paper presented at the 14th conference of the Euro-
pean Society for Cognitive Psychology, Leiden, and The
Netherlands.